Game Mechanics

Every stat is built from modifiers in three layers, which is why the same effect can be flat, additive, or multiplicative. See Buffs.

Flat: added straight to the base value.

Additive: all summed together, then applied once as (1 + sum).

Multiplicative: each modifier applies on its own, so they compound.

Modifiers come from 8 sources, layered in order: Base, Item, Attribute, Passive, Account Status (runes), Status Effect, Buff Skill, Environment.

Each hit deals your Attack Damage, then rolls for a critical:

Crit Damage is a direct multiplier. Over many hits your effective DPS is:

Final damage is then scaled by delivery type. Melee, projectile, area, and summon damage each have their own increase stat.

Crit Chance and Attack Speed have no hard cap in the engine; cooldown reduction, resistances, dodge, and block are capped.

Incoming damage runs through this pipeline, in order:

1. Dodge and Elemental Dodge: chance to take 0 damage.
2. Block and Elemental Block: on success, take half damage.
3. Resistance: reduces elemental damage by resist%. Negative resistance increases damage taken.
4. Armor: physical mitigation with diminishing returns, scaled by hit size and stage level.
5. Damage Reduction: multiplies by (1 - value).
6. Damage Absorption: subtracts a flat amount.
7. Floor: every hit deals at least 1 damage.

Armor only reduces physical damage. Fire, cold, lightning, and chaos use resistances instead. The simple mental model:

It is a diminishing-returns curve against a threshold that rises with the stage. The exact code form also lets big hits pierce armor:

• 50% reduction when your Armor equals 14 × StageLevel + 12.
• Hard cap 75%, reached around 3× that threshold; beyond it extra armor is wasted.
• The threshold grows by +14 per stage level, so armor must keep scaling.
• Big hits partially pierce armor: 0.4 × Damage is added to the threshold.

Recovered from Unit.gnl to ug.jir in the decompiled game code; constants verified from the binary.

Resistance is linear, unlike armor. Effective resistance is the element resistance plus All-Elemental Resistance, then it scales damage:

• 1 point of resistance means 1% less damage of that element; the divisor is 100, not 1000.
• There is no built-in cap. The only ceiling is the Max Fire/Cold/Lightning/Chaos Resistance stat.
• Negative resistance hurts. If your net resistance drops below 0, damage is multiplied by (1 + abs(res)/100).
• Resistance applies before generic Damage Reduction and flat Damage Absorption, and it does not affect physical damage. See Runes.

Recovered from Unit.gnl to ug.jiq / ug.jio / ug.jip; resistance divisor 100 verified from the binary.

The code defines stacking-buff stats that never surface in any in-game table. Each has MaxStack and StackChance: